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<Medicine / Clinical Calculators>

Anthropometry

Body Roundness Index (BRI)
Estimates the Body Roundness Index from waist circumference and height to gauge central adiposity and visceral fat as a measure of body shape largely independent of BMI.

Relative Fat Mass (RFM)
Estimates whole-body fat percentage in adults from the height-to-waist ratio and sex (a DXA-validated alternative to BMI) to screen for obesity.

Body Mass Index (BMI) and BMI Prime Evaluations
Computes Body Mass Index, BMI Prime, and a weight classification (with an expanded underweight subdivision) from height and weight to screen weight status, and also displays Body Surface Area.

Body Surface Area (BSA) and BMI Evaluations
Estimates Body Surface Area by five formulas (with their mean) from height and weight for chemotherapy dosing, cardiac index, and other per-m² physiologic indexing, and also displays BMI and BMI Prime.

Total Body Water (Watson, Hume-Weyers, Chertow, Mellits-Cheek formulas)
Estimates total body water from sex, age, height, and weight (Watson, Hume-Weyers, and Chertow for adults; Mellits-Cheek for children) to guide free-water deficit, dialysis, and volume-of-distribution calculations, and also displays BMI and BSA.

Ideal Body Weight (IBW)
Estimates adult ideal body weight by the Devine, Robinson, and Miller formulas from height and sex; not validated for pediatrics or pregnancy, and not the predicted body weight used to set ventilator tidal volume.

Kaup Index
Pediatric body-habitus index (weight relative to height-squared) for infants and toddlers aged 3 months to 5 years, classifying nutritional status against age-specific normal ranges.

Cardiovascular & Renal

Urine Osmolal Gap (Estimated Urinary Ammonium)
Urine Osmolal Gap estimates urinary ammonium excretion to distinguish renal from extra-renal causes of normal anion gap metabolic acidosis. Estimate only — invalid if other unmeasured urine osmoles are present (ethanol, methanol, ethylene glycol, mannitol, contrast); not a substitute for direct urine NH4 measurement.


INTERCHEST Score
INTERCHEST Score estimates the likelihood of coronary artery disease in primary-care patients with chest pain to support outpatient rule-out decisions. Rule-out aid for stable presentations only; does not exclude acute coronary syndrome and is not a substitute for ECG/troponin in suspected acute MI.


Fractional Excretion of Bicarbonate (FEHCO3)
Estimates the fraction of filtered bicarbonate excreted in urine to separate proximal (type 2) from distal (type 1) renal tubular acidosis during workup of a normal-anion-gap metabolic acidosis.

Marburg Heart Score
Lab-free primary-care decision rule scoring five history and exam findings to estimate whether chest pain is from coronary heart disease; a high negative-predictive-value rule-out aid, not a substitute for ECG, troponin, or ACS workup.

Duke Treadmill Score (DTS)
Combines treadmill exercise time, ST-segment deviation, and exercise angina from a standard Bruce-protocol test into a prognostic score that stratifies suspected coronary artery disease into low-, moderate-, and high-risk groups by 5-year survival.

Sodium Correction Infusion-Rate Planner (Adrogué-Madias)
Plans the IV infusion rate and 24-hour volume to correct hyponatremia or hypernatremia at a chosen safe pace (Adrogue-Madias); a closed-system planning aid that underestimates the true rate — recheck serum Na frequently.

TmP/GFR (Renal Phosphate Threshold)
Estimates the renal phosphate threshold (maximum tubular reabsorptive capacity normalized to glomerular filtration) from paired serum and spot-urine phosphate and creatinine, to assess renal phosphate wasting versus retention.

Calcium/Creatinine Clearance Ratio (CCCR)
Distinguishes familial hypocalciuric hypercalcaemia from primary hyperparathyroidism in a hypercalcaemic patient, from paired 24-hour urine and serum calcium and creatinine; requires vitamin D repletion and is not a sole rule-out before parathyroid surgery.

Bicarbonate Deficit
Estimates the bicarbonate replacement deficit (mEq) needed to raise serum bicarbonate toward a chosen target, scaled by body weight; an estimate only — replacement is controversial and should be guided by serial blood gases.

FEUA (Fractional Excretion of Uric Acid)
Estimates the fractional excretion of uric acid (percentage of filtered urate excreted) in adults, to help separate prerenal/volume-depleted states from SIADH, thiazide effect, or renal salt wasting during workup of hyponatremia and acute kidney injury.

DASI (Duke Activity Status Index)
Estimates functional capacity in adults from a 12-item self-report questionnaire, converting it to estimated peak oxygen uptake (VO2) and metabolic equivalents (METs) to gauge exercise capacity for pre-operative and cardiac risk assessment.

Equilibrated Kt/V (eKt/V) + Weekly Standard Kt/V (stdKt/V)
Estimates the rebound-corrected equilibrated single-session dose (eKt/V urea) and the frequency-adjusted weekly standardized dose (stdKt/V) for maintenance hemodialysis patients, to compare delivered weekly dose across schedules differing from the conventional thrice-weekly regimen.

SAMe-TT2R2 Score (anticoagulation control on VKA)
Predicts the likely quality of warfarin/vitamin-K antagonist anticoagulation control in a patient on therapy, to flag those likely to do poorly; rates the quality, not the necessity, of anticoagulation.

FEMg (Fractional Excretion of Magnesium)
Estimates the fraction of filtered magnesium excreted in urine to separate renal magnesium wasting from extrarenal (GI) loss during workup of hypomagnesemia, valid only with normal kidney function.


Mehran Risk Score for Contrast-Associated AKI (Post-PCI CIN)
Estimates risk of contrast-induced nephropathy after percutaneous coronary intervention from eight weighted clinical and renal factors, stratifying patients into low-to-very-high risk; this eGFR-tier version is separate from the updated 2021 Mehran CA-AKI model.

ARC-HBR (Academic Research Consortium High Bleeding Risk)
Classifies a patient undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention as high bleeding risk by the 2019 ARC consensus criteria to guide antiplatelet and DAPT-duration decisions; a criteria count, not a weighted score — pick one tier per domain.

CRUSADE Bleeding Risk Score (NSTEMI)
Estimates in-hospital major bleeding risk in non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTEMI or unstable angina) from eight weighted admission variables, mapping the total to a very-low-to-very-high risk band.

ATRIA Bleeding Risk Score
Estimates major hemorrhage risk in atrial-fibrillation patients on oral anticoagulation from five weighted clinical factors (anemia, severe renal disease, older age, prior bleeding, hypertension).

AKIN Staging for Acute Kidney Injury
Stages acute kidney injury severity 1–3 from the Acute Kidney Injury Network serum-creatinine and urine-output criteria assessed over a 48-hour window, to grade injury and guide management.

Sodium Deficit in Hyponatremia
Estimates the total sodium deficit (mEq) needed to raise serum sodium from the measured value to a chosen target during hyponatremia correction planning; a total-amount estimate only, not a rate — raise sodium slowly to avoid osmotic demyelination.

Gupta Perioperative Cardiac Risk (MICA)
Estimates the 30-day risk of perioperative myocardial infarction or cardiac arrest after non-cardiac surgery using the Gupta (ACS-NSQIP) logistic model, producing a continuous probability with no discrete risk bands.

eGFR EKFC (European Kidney Function Consortium, Creatinine)
Estimates glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in adults from serum creatinine using the creatinine-based European Kidney Function Consortium (EKFC) equation and maps it to a KDIGO GFR category (G1–G5).

SCORE2 / SCORE2-OP / SCORE2-Diabetes (ESC 10-Year CVD Risk)
Estimates 10-year fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular risk in apparently healthy adults using the ESC SCORE2 family — SCORE2 (40–69, no diabetes), SCORE2-OP (≥70), and SCORE2-Diabetes (40–69, type 2 diabetes) — calibrated only to the four ESC European risk regions, not validated for non-European populations.

Fick Cardiac Output / Cardiac Index
Applies the Fick principle to estimate cardiac output and cardiac index in adults from oxygen consumption and the arteriovenous oxygen-content difference (with stroke volume when a heart rate is given), to support hemodynamic assessment at the bedside or in the cath lab.

Systemic / Pulmonary Vascular Resistance (SVR / PVR)
Computes systemic or pulmonary vascular resistance from an Ohm’s-law analog (driving pressure divided by flow), reporting both absolute resistance and Wood units, with indexed SVRI/PVRI when a cardiac index is supplied, to characterize afterload and pulmonary hemodynamics.

TIMI Risk Score for STEMI
Estimates 30-day mortality risk at first contact in adults with ST-elevation myocardial infarction treated with fibrinolysis, from eight bedside clinical items, for early risk stratification; derived in fibrinolytic-treated patients and distinct from the TIMI UA/NSTEMI score.

Urea Reduction Ratio (URR, Dialysis Adequacy)
Calculates the Urea Reduction Ratio from pre- and post-dialysis BUN as a simple measure of single-session hemodialysis adequacy; validated for conventional thrice-weekly hemodialysis only, not peritoneal dialysis, CRRT, or short-daily/nocturnal regimens.

McMahon Score (Rhabdomyolysis – Risk of RRT or Death)
Estimates the in-hospital risk of death or need for renal replacement therapy in adults hospitalized with rhabdomyolysis, from eight admission variables, to guide early renal-protective therapy; intended for patients not already on dialysis.

KDIGO CKD G/A Staging (GFR + Albuminuria Risk Tier)
Classifies chronic kidney disease by GFR stage (G1–G5) and albuminuria stage (A1–A3) from an eGFR value and urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio, reporting the corresponding KDIGO risk tier to guide CKD risk stratification and monitoring.

Tisdale Risk Score for QT Prolongation
Estimates the risk of drug-induced QT-interval prolongation in hospitalized patients from clinical and electrolyte risk factors, stratifying as low, moderate, or high risk to support QTc-monitoring decisions.


eGFR (Creatinine-based)
Estimates glomerular filtration rate in adults by the JSN, CKD-EPI 2021, and CKD-EPI 2009 equations from serum creatinine, age, and sex, to stage kidney function; not validated in pregnancy, AKI, or extremes of muscle mass.

eGFR (Cystatin C, CKD-EPI 2012)
Estimates GFR in adults from serum cystatin C using the race-free CKD-EPI 2012 equation, useful when creatinine-based estimates are unreliable (extremes of muscle mass, cirrhosis, amputation).

eGFR (Combined Creatinine + Cystatin C, CKD-EPI 2021)
Estimates GFR in adults from both serum creatinine and cystatin C using the race-free CKD-EPI 2021 combined equation, generally more accurate than either marker alone.

eGFR (Pediatric — Schwartz Bedside / CKiD-U25)
Estimates GFR in children and young adults (ages 1–25) by the Schwartz Bedside and CKiD-U25 equations to stage chronic kidney disease; not for neonates (< 1 year) or acute kidney injury.

Creatinine Clearance (Cockcroft-Gault)
Estimates creatinine clearance in adults by Cockcroft-Gault across actual, ideal, and adjusted body weight for drug dosing; reports CrCl (mL/min), not BSA-normalized eGFR, and is not validated in pregnancy, AKI, or extremes of muscle mass.

Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)
Computes mean arterial pressure from systolic and diastolic blood pressure to gauge average perfusion pressure to the organs across a cardiac cycle.

Corrected QT Interval (QTc)
Corrects the measured QT interval for heart rate by the Bazett, Fridericia, Framingham, and Hodges formulas to assess QT prolongation and torsades risk.

CHA2DS2-VASc & CHA2DS2-VA Score
Stratifies annual stroke risk in non-valvular atrial fibrillation to guide anticoagulation, reporting both CHA²DS²-VASc (legacy) and CHA²DS²-VA (2024 ESC, sex criterion removed).

HAS-BLED Score
Estimates 1-year major bleeding risk in atrial fibrillation to identify modifiable risk factors and flag patients for closer follow-up; not used to decide whether to start or stop anticoagulation.

HEART Score for Chest Pain
Predicts 6-week risk of major adverse cardiac events (MACE) in emergency-department patients with chest pain to support disposition and risk stratification.

TIMI Risk Score (UA/NSTEMI)
Estimates 14-day risk of death, recurrent MI, or urgent revascularization in adults with unstable angina or NSTEMI, to guide the intensity of antithrombotic therapy and use of an early invasive strategy.

GRACE ACS Risk Score
Estimates in-hospital mortality risk in adults with acute coronary syndrome (STEMI, NSTEMI, or unstable angina) to stratify ACS severity and guide management intensity.

ASCVD 10-year Risk (2013 Pooled Cohort — legacy)
Estimates 10-year risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (MI, CHD death, stroke) in adults 40–79 without known ASCVD using the 2013 ACC/AHA Pooled Cohort Equations; legacy tool no longer supported by current ACC policy — consider the AHA PREVENT equations.

Giusti-Hayton-Tozer Dose Adjustment
Adjusts the dose or dosing interval of a renally cleared drug for reduced kidney function, scaling by the fraction excreted unchanged in urine and the patient’s creatinine clearance, to maintain comparable exposure in renal impairment.

FENa (Fractional Excretion of Sodium)
Estimates the fraction of filtered sodium excreted in urine to help distinguish prerenal from intrinsic acute kidney injury; misleading after diuretics — use FEUrea instead.

FEUrea (Fractional Excretion of Urea)
Estimates the fraction of filtered urea excreted in urine to help distinguish prerenal from intrinsic acute kidney injury, preferred over FENa when diuretics have been given.

KFRE (Kidney Failure Risk Equation)
Estimates 2- and 5-year risk of kidney failure in adults with CKD stages G3–G5 from age, sex, eGFR, and urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio, to guide nephrology referral and dialysis-access/transplant planning.

Single-Pool Kt/V (Dialysis Adequacy)
Estimates the delivered single-pool hemodialysis dose (spKt/V urea) from pre/post-dialysis BUN, session time, ultrafiltration, and weight to gauge dialysis adequacy; single-pool only — not eKt/V, weekly standard Kt/V, URR, or PD Kt/V.

TTKG (Transtubular K+ Gradient)
Historical bedside estimate of renal potassium handling in the workup of hyper- or hypokalemia; now out of favor and valid only when urine Na > 25 mEq/L (no input here — verify externally).

Corrected Phenytoin (Sheiner-Tozer)
Corrects a measured total phenytoin level for hypoalbuminemia (and optionally for renal impairment) using the Sheiner-Tozer relationship, to interpret therapeutic drug monitoring when a free phenytoin level is unavailable.

DAPT Score
Weighs the ischemic benefit against the bleeding harm of extending dual antiplatelet therapy beyond 12 months after PCI; apply at 12 months post-PCI only in patients who are event-free and tolerating DAPT.

PRECISE-DAPT (Approximation)
Bins age, hemoglobin, WBC, CrCl, and prior bleeding into a rough bleeding-risk category before DAPT-duration decisions; a screening cue only — not the published PRECISE-DAPT score, so use the official AHA/ESC online calculator for any clinical decision.

H₂FPEF Score
Estimates the probability of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) in patients with unexplained dyspnea and preserved EF, from six clinical and echocardiographic variables, to guide further diagnostic workup.

HFA-PEFF (Simplified)
Summarizes the ESC/HFA HFA-PEFF Step 2 functional, morphological, and biomarker domains to support a HFpEF diagnosis; simplified Step 2 only — not the full algorithm, so do not use it alone to confirm or exclude HFpEF.

AHA PREVENT — 10/30-Year CVD, ASCVD & Heart Failure Risk
Estimates 10-year — and 30-year for ages 30–59 — risk of total CVD, ASCVD, and heart failure in adults 30–79 using the AHA PREVENT base equations, for primary prevention in people without known cardiovascular disease.

Sgarbossa & Modified (Smith) Sgarbossa Criteria
Applies original and Smith-modified Sgarbossa ECG criteria to diagnose acute coronary occlusion when LBBB or a paced rhythm masks usual STEMI changes (not RBBB); a positive warrants urgent reperfusion evaluation and a negative does not rule out acute MI.

KDIGO Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) Staging
Stages acute kidney injury severity (none to Stage 3) from the higher of a creatinine and a urine-output path per the KDIGO 2012 criteria; classifies severity only, not cause or dialysis need, and incomplete inputs do not exclude AKI.

Ankle-Brachial Index (ABI)
Noninvasive resting screen for lower-extremity peripheral artery disease, dividing higher ankle pressure by higher arm pressure per leg; a normal or borderline value does not exclude PAD in a symptomatic patient, and a noncompressible result is unreliable, not reassuring.

ECG Criteria for LVH (Sokolow-Lyon / Cornell)
Screens a 12-lead ECG for left ventricular hypertrophy by one selected QRS-voltage criterion (Sokolow-Lyon or Cornell), reporting POSITIVE/NEGATIVE; a high-specificity, low-sensitivity screen — a negative result does not rule out LVH.

MAGGIC Risk Score (Heart Failure Mortality)
Estimates 1-year and 3-year all-cause mortality in adults with chronic heart failure of reduced or preserved ejection fraction, from 13 routine clinical variables; for chronic HF prognosis only, not acute-decompensation triage.

ORBIT Bleeding Risk Score
Estimates major bleeding risk in atrial fibrillation patients on oral anticoagulation by summing five weighted criteria; use to identify and address modifiable bleeding risk, not to decide for or against anticoagulation.

Trauma

GAP Score (GCS-Age-Pressure Trauma Mortality)
Predicts in-hospital mortality risk in adult trauma patients from Glasgow Coma Scale, age, and systolic blood pressure, mapping to a low-, intermediate-, or high-risk band; a higher score indicates a better prognosis.

MGAP Score (Trauma Mortality)
Trauma triage score combining mechanism of injury, Glasgow Coma Scale, age, and systolic blood pressure to stratify mortality risk; a higher total indicates a better prognosis — do not interchange its band cutoffs with GAP.

Revised Baux Score (Burn Mortality)
Estimates relative burn-injury mortality severity by adding patient age, percent total body surface area burned, and a fixed increment for inhalation injury; a relative severity index, not a probability of death, derived mainly in adults.

ABSI (Abbreviated Burn Severity Index)
Estimates burn-injury severity and survival probability from sex, age, percent total body surface area burned, inhalation injury, and full-thickness burn; survival figures are approximate prognostic estimates from older cohorts — use as a triage aid.

Burn TBSA (Rule of Nines, Age-Adjusted)
Estimates total body surface area burned (%TBSA) by the age-adjusted Rule of Nines, as an upstream input to fluid-resuscitation and severity calculators; a rapid estimate — use Lund-Browder for accuracy, especially in children.

Lund-Browder TBSA Chart (Age-Adjusted Burn Surface Area)
Estimates total body surface area burned (%TBSA) using the age-adjusted Lund-Browder chart — the standard for greater accuracy than the Rule of Nines, especially in children — as the upstream input to weight-based fluid-resuscitation formulas.

Injury Severity Score / RTS / TRISS
Combines the anatomic Injury Severity Score, physiologic Revised Trauma Score, and TRISS logistic model in adult trauma to summarize injury burden and estimate survival probability; AIS region codes are user-entered, not from an embedded dictionary.

Emergency & ICU

EGSYS Score (Evaluation of Guidelines in SYncope Study)
EGSYS Score estimates the likelihood that a transient loss of consciousness was cardiac syncope at initial emergency evaluation. Screening aid only, not a substitute for clinical judgment; a low score does not rule out serious cardiac disease.


FAINT Score (Older-Adult ED Syncope)
FAINT Score estimates 30-day death or serious cardiac outcome in adults 60 years or older presenting to the ED with syncope or near-syncope, to identify a low-risk group; uses NT-proBNP, not BNP, and is not a stand-alone rule-out.

OESIL Risk Score (Syncope 1-Year Mortality)
Stratifies one-year mortality risk in adults presenting to the emergency department after syncope from four clinical findings, to help guide admission versus outpatient management.


San Francisco Syncope Rule (CHESS)
Screens adults presenting with syncope or near-syncope for higher risk of a serious 7-day outcome using five yes/no CHESS findings; a low-risk result does not by itself mandate discharge.


STONE Score (Ureteral Stone Prediction)
Estimates the likelihood that an adult with acute flank pain in the emergency department has an uncomplicated ureteral stone from five bedside features, to guide confirmatory imaging; it does not exclude dangerous mimics.


Modified Early Warning Score (MEWS)
Bedside track-and-trigger tool that flags adult ward patients at risk of clinical deterioration from five routine observations, to prompt closer monitoring or escalation of care.

Oxygen Delivery / Consumption / Extraction (DO2 / VO2 / O2ER)
Computes oxygen content, global delivery (DO2) and consumption (VO2), and the extraction ratio (O2ER), with optional BSA indexing, in critically ill adults to assess the balance between oxygen supply and demand and detect supply-dependent states.

Murray Lung Injury Score (LIS)
Grades the severity of acute lung injury and ARDS in ventilated adults from up to four components, averaging only the components actually assessed, to classify no, mild-to-moderate, or severe lung injury.

Cardiac Power Output (CPO / CPI / CPO-RAP)
Estimates cardiac power output (CPO), its RAP-corrected variant (CPO-RAP), and the BSA-indexed cardiac power index (CPI) in critically ill adults with heart failure or cardiogenic shock to quantify the heart's pumping work for hemodynamic risk stratification.

Pulmonary Artery Pulsatility Index (PAPi)
Estimates the Pulmonary Artery Pulsatility Index from invasive right-heart catheterization pressures as a marker of right ventricular function in adults with cardiogenic shock, advanced heart failure, acute RV infarction, or evaluation for mechanical circulatory support.

PELOD-2 (Pediatric Logistic Organ Dysfunction-2 Score)
Grades the severity of multiple organ dysfunction across five organ systems in critically ill children in the PICU, where a higher score reflects greater organ failure.

EDACS (Emergency Department Assessment of Chest Pain Score)
Identifies adult emergency-department chest-pain patients at very low risk of 30-day major adverse cardiac events to support early discharge; it does not exclude non-ACS causes such as pulmonary embolism or aortic dissection.


HACOR Score (NIV Failure Prediction)
Predicts failure of non-invasive ventilation in acute hypoxemic respiratory failure, most discriminating one hour after starting NIV; this is the original Duan 2017 HACOR, not the 2022 updated version.

Oxygenation Index (OI) / Oxygen Saturation Index (OSI)
Computes the oxygenation index (OI) or oxygen saturation index (OSI) from ventilator settings to grade pediatric ARDS severity by PALICC criteria; severity reflects oxygenation only, and a pARDS diagnosis needs the full PALICC clinical criteria.

Pediatric SOFA (pSOFA) Score
Adapts the adult SOFA score for critically ill children with age-banded cardiovascular and renal criteria to grade organ dysfunction across six systems; the severity tiers shown are descriptive only and not a validated individual prognosis.

Ventilator Mechanics Bundle (Compliance, Driving Pressure, Resistance, Mechanical Power)
Bundles core respiratory-mechanics quantities — driving pressure, compliance, airway resistance, and simplified mechanical power — from one set of ventilator measurements; mechanical power is a constant-flow volume-control approximation, invalid for pressure-control or spontaneous breathing.

SAPS II (Simplified Acute Physiology Score II)
Estimates ICU severity of illness and predicted in-hospital mortality in adults from 17 variables over the first 24 ICU hours; a population-level benchmarking tool, not an individual treatment, triage, or prognostic instrument.

SAPS 3 Admission Score
Estimates ICU severity of illness and global predicted in-hospital mortality in adults from 20 admission variables; a population benchmarking tool, not an individual-prognosis instrument, and its global equation may miscalibrate by region and case-mix.

DKA / HHS Diagnosis & Severity
Screens entered glucose, ketone, pH, bicarbonate, and sodium values against the consensus diagnostic criteria for diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and the hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state (HHS), reporting which condition is met and grading DKA severity.

Global Definition of ARDS (2023)
Classifies acute respiratory distress syndrome by the 2023 global definition, extending it to non-intubated patients on high-flow nasal oxygen or non-invasive ventilation and accepting the pulse-oximetry SpO2/FiO2 ratio alongside arterial PaO2/FiO2, to grade oxygenation severity.

SIPA (Shock Index, Pediatric Age-Adjusted)
Computes the pediatric age-adjusted shock index (heart rate over systolic blood pressure) in injured children aged 4–16, flagging it elevated or normal by age-specific cut points to identify potentially severe injury despite a normal-appearing blood pressure.

Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS)
Scores level of consciousness from eye-opening, verbal, and motor responses to grade neurologic status in trauma, critical care, ED, and inpatient settings; for intubated patients record the verbal component as V_T and append T to the total manually.

Wells Score (DVT / PE)
Clinical prediction rule that estimates pre-test probability of DVT or PE from weighted risk factors, stratifying patients into low, moderate, or high probability tiers to guide D-dimer testing and imaging.

PERC Rule (PE Rule-out Criteria)
Eight-criterion rule that rules out pulmonary embolism without D-dimer or imaging in adults already judged low pretest probability when no criterion is present; do not apply when pretest probability is moderate or high.

Revised Geneva Score (PE Probability)
Estimates clinical pre-test probability of pulmonary embolism from fully objective risk factors (no physician gestalt required), stratifying patients to guide D-dimer testing and imaging.

Parkland Formula (Burn Resuscitation)
Estimates the initial 24-hour crystalloid resuscitation volume for adult burns from body weight and percent total body surface area burned, to set a starting fluid target titrated to urine output and hemodynamics.

SOFA Score
Quantifies organ-dysfunction severity in critically ill patients across six systems (respiratory, coagulation, liver, cardiovascular, CNS, renal), with higher scores reflecting greater mortality risk; a severity/trend tool, not an individual mortality predictor — use serial scores.

APACHE II
Estimates ICU severity of illness and predicted hospital mortality from worst physiologic, age, and chronic-health values in the first 24 hours of admission; not validated for sequential monitoring.

NEWS2 (National Early Warning Score 2)
Standardised UK early warning score (Royal College of Physicians 2017) that aggregates routine vital signs and consciousness in acutely ill adults to flag clinical deterioration and trigger locally set escalation.

CURB-65 (Pneumonia Severity)
Estimates 30-day mortality in community-acquired pneumonia from confusion, urea, respiratory rate, blood pressure, and age ≥65 to support initial outpatient-vs-inpatient triage; not designed to dictate level of care for already-admitted patients.

PSI (PORT) — Pneumonia Severity Index
Estimates 30-day mortality in community-acquired pneumonia from demographics, comorbidities, and acute findings to support outpatient-vs-inpatient triage; not designed to dictate ICU admission.

PESI / sPESI (PE Prognosis)
Prognosticates 30-day mortality in adults with acute pulmonary embolism (original PESI and simplified sPESI) to identify low-risk patients eligible for outpatient or early-discharge management.

Glasgow-Blatchford Score (GBS)
Risk-stratifies adults with upper GI bleeding from labs and clinical findings to identify very-low-risk patients who may be managed as outpatients.

Rockall Score (UGIB)
Predicts rebleeding and mortality in upper GI bleeding from age, shock, and comorbidity, with an optional pre-endoscopic mode and a full score that adds endoscopic diagnosis and stigmata.

Oakland Score (LGIB)
Identifies low-risk lower GI bleeding (LGIB) patients from seven clinical and laboratory items to support outpatient management of stable LGIB.

Alvarado Score (Appendicitis)
Clinical prediction score for acute appendicitis that stratifies patients into low, equivocal, probable, and very-probable groups to guide observation versus imaging versus surgical consultation.

AIR Score (Appendicitis)
Clinical prediction score for appendicitis combining clinical findings with inflammatory markers (WBC, neutrophil percentage, CRP) to stratify low, intermediate, and high probability and guide observation versus imaging versus surgery.

BISAP (Pancreatitis)
Stratifies early (within 24 h) mortality risk in acute pancreatitis from five bedside findings, to grade severity at the bedside without waiting for 48-hour data.

Ranson Criteria (Pancreatitis)
Predicts mortality in non-gallstone acute pancreatitis from admission and 48-hour clinical and laboratory criteria, to grade severity (gallstone pancreatitis uses different thresholds).

Shock Index & Modified Shock Index (SI/MSI)
Computes the Shock Index (HR/SBP) and Modified Shock Index (HR/MAP) from bedside vital signs in adults to flag hemodynamic compromise and occult hypovolemia; not validated for pediatrics (use SIPA) or pregnancy.

qSOFA
Bedside three-item risk stratification in suspected infection (Sepsis-3), flagging patients at higher risk of adverse outcome; do not use to exclude sepsis or as a sole screening tool.

Hestia Criteria
Identifies pulmonary embolism patients eligible for outpatient treatment; all 11 criteria must be negative to consider home management, alongside clinical and social judgment.

Blood Volume
Estimates total blood volume by the Nadler formula in adults or weight-based factors for neonates, infants, and children, to support transfusion planning, autologous donation, and allowable-blood-loss calculations.

Allowable Blood Loss (ABL)
Estimates the intraoperative blood loss at which transfusion should be considered, from estimated blood volume and the initial and lowest acceptable hematocrit, to guide intraoperative transfusion planning.

Canadian CT Head Injury Rule
Identifies adults with minor head injury (GCS 13–15 with LOC, amnesia, or disorientation) who need head CT, from high- and medium-risk criteria, to rule out neurosurgical and clinically important brain injury.

PECARN Pediatric Head Injury Rule
Identifies children (< 18 years) at very low risk of clinically important traumatic brain injury after blunt head trauma, in whom CT can typically be avoided; apply within 24 h of injury at GCS 14–15.

SIRS Criteria (Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome)
Counts how many of the four 1992 ACCP/SCCM systemic inflammatory response syndrome criteria an adult meets as a bedside inflammation screen; SIRS is non-specific and does not equal sepsis.

NEXUS Low-Risk Criteria for C-Spine Imaging
Five-item low-risk rule that identifies alert, stable adult and adolescent blunt-trauma patients whose cervical spine can be cleared without imaging when all five criteria are absent; not for penetrating trauma or young children (use PECARN).

Canadian C-Spine Rule (CCR)
Three-step decision rule that determines whether cervical-spine imaging is required after acute blunt trauma in alert (GCS 15) and stable adults, using high-risk factors, low-risk factors, and active 45° neck rotation.

Ottawa Ankle & Foot Rules
Determines whether a patient with acute ankle or midfoot trauma needs an ankle and/or foot x-ray series from pain location, specific bone tenderness, and inability to bear weight, to safely avoid imaging when negative.

Ottawa Knee Rule
Identifies which adults with acute knee injury need knee radiography to rule out a clinically important fracture, based on age, patellar/fibular-head tenderness, knee-flexion limitation, and inability to bear weight, reliably excluding fracture when negative.

AIMS65 Score (Upper GI Bleed Mortality)
Predicts in-hospital mortality in acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding from five bedside/lab variables (albumin, INR, mental status, systolic BP, age) without endoscopy, using admission values to risk-stratify on presentation.

Burch-Wartofsky Point Scale (Thyroid Storm)
Estimates the likelihood that a thyrotoxic patient is in, or progressing toward, thyroid storm from thermoregulatory, CNS, gastrointestinal-hepatic, and cardiovascular dysfunction plus a precipitating event; for biochemically confirmed thyrotoxicosis only.

ABC Score (Assessment of Blood Consumption) for Massive Transfusion
Four-item, non-laboratory bedside tool that predicts the need for massive transfusion in adult trauma patients on arrival, to support early activation of a massive transfusion protocol; a low score does not exclude major hemorrhage.

Canadian Syncope Risk Score (CSRS)
Nine-item additive score that stratifies adults presenting within 24 hours of syncope for the 30-day risk of a serious adverse event (death, arrhythmia, MI, structural heart disease, pulmonary embolism, or serious hemorrhage), to aid emergency-department disposition.

SMART-COP (CAP, need for IRVS)
Predicts the need for intensive respiratory or vasopressor support (ICU-level care) in adults with community-acquired pneumonia from eight weighted clinical and laboratory criteria; it grades severity, not 30-day mortality (unlike CURB-65 and PSI).

Perioperative & Thrombosis

Vasoactive-Inotropic Score (VIS)
Sums six vasoactive and inotrope infusion rates, each weighted by relative potency, into a single Vasoactive-Inotropic Score to quantify cardiovascular support intensity and prognosis in infants and children after cardiopulmonary bypass.

RCRI (Revised Cardiac Risk Index)
Estimates the risk of major perioperative cardiac complications after non-cardiac surgery from six binary clinical predictors in adults ≥ 50 undergoing elective major surgery in a stable state.

Caprini Score (VTE Risk)
Stratifies venous thromboembolism (VTE) risk in surgical and hospitalized patients into a four-tier category to guide the intensity of mechanical and/or pharmacologic prophylaxis.

Padua Prediction Score
Stratifies venous thromboembolism (VTE) risk in hospitalized medical (non-surgical) patients only, identifying a high-risk group in whom pharmacologic prophylaxis is conventionally considered; for surgical patients use Caprini or a specialty protocol.

4Ts Score for HIT
Estimates the clinical pretest probability of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) from four domains (thrombocytopenia, timing, thrombosis, other causes), each scored 0–2, to guide heparin cessation and confirmatory immunoassay/functional testing.

Khorana Score
Predicts venous thromboembolism (VTE) risk in ambulatory cancer patients starting chemotherapy from five items (tumor site, platelets, hemoglobin/ESA use, WBC, BMI); not for inpatients or those already on therapeutic anticoagulation.

Infectious Disease

ISARIC 4C Mortality Score
Estimates in-hospital mortality risk for adults admitted with COVID-19 from eight admission clinical and laboratory variables, sorting patients into low, intermediate, high, or very high risk groups for early stratification.


Shapiro Rule (Who Needs a Blood Culture?)
Helps decide whether an adult emergency-department patient with suspected infection needs a blood culture, combining major and minor findings into a yes/no recommendation and a low/intermediate/high bacteremia likelihood.

Nugent Score (Bacterial Vaginosis Gram Stain)
Grades a Gram-stained vaginal smear from three semi-quantitative morphotype readings (Lactobacillus, Gardnerella/Bacteroides, Mobiluncus) to support diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis as normal, intermediate, or consistent with BV.

Candida Score (Leon 2006)
Bedside risk score for non-neutropenic, critically ill adult ICU patients colonized with Candida, helping discriminate colonization from invasive candidiasis and flag patients who may benefit from early antifungal therapy.

DRIP Score (Drug Resistance in Pneumonia)
Estimates the risk that a community-onset pneumonia in adults is caused by a drug-resistant pathogen, from weighted major and minor exposure factors, to help decide whether empiric extended-spectrum antibiotics are warranted.

Centor / McIsaac Score
Estimates the probability of group A streptococcal pharyngitis from clinical features with an age modifier, as a triage adjunct to guide confirmatory testing rather than empiric antibiotics.

FeverPAIN Score
Clinical decision aid for adults and children with acute sore throat, estimating the probability of group A streptococcus from five binary features to inform delayed or immediate antibiotic decisions.

CDI Severity (IDSA/SHEA)
Applies the IDSA/SHEA classification of adult Clostridioides difficile infection severity (non-severe, severe, fulminant) to guide empiric oral antibiotic choice and escalation for fulminant disease.

MASCC Risk Index
Identifies adults with febrile neutropenia at low risk of serious complications who may be candidates for outpatient oral antibiotic management.

LRINEC Score
Scores routine labs as a supporting pattern to distinguish necrotizing soft tissue infection from severe cellulitis; it cannot rule out necrotizing infection, and strong clinical suspicion mandates urgent surgical exploration regardless of the score.

IDSA/ATS Severe CAP Criteria
Applies the ATS/IDSA criteria for severe community-acquired pneumonia (one major or several minor criteria) to decide whether a patient warrants ICU-level care.

Quick Pitt Score
Simplified five-item bedside score from clinical features at positive blood culture that estimates short-term mortality risk in bloodstream infection, as a severity and triage cue rather than a diagnostic test.

Pitt Bacteremia Score (full)
Weighted severity score from five clinical variables at positive blood culture that estimates short-term mortality risk in bloodstream infection, used as a severity and triage cue rather than a diagnostic test.

CISNE Score
Risk-stratifies adult solid-tumor patients with apparently stable febrile neutropenia to spot those still at meaningful complication risk before outpatient management; clinically unstable patients should be admitted regardless of score, and it is not for hematologic-malignancy patients.

VIRSTA Score
Weighted predictor score in adult Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia that estimates infective-endocarditis risk to prioritize early transesophageal echocardiography (TEE); derived only for S. aureus bacteremia, and persistent bacteremia or heart-failure signs warrant TEE regardless of score.

DENOVA Score
Risk-stratifies monomicrobial Enterococcus faecalis bacteremia for infective-endocarditis risk to judge whether transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) can be safely deferred; derived only for E. faecalis, and persistent bacteremia, heart-failure signs, or emboli warrant TEE regardless of score.

2023 Duke-ISCVID Criteria
Applies the 2023 Duke-ISCVID criteria to classify suspected infective endocarditis as Definite, Possible, or Rejected by counting Major and Minor criteria; this is a criteria count, not a clinical rule-out.

Pulmonary & Respiratory

ROX-HR Index (HFNC outcome, modified ROX with heart rate)
ROX-HR Index extends the ROX index with heart rate to predict high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) outcome. Not a substitute for clinical judgment; do not delay escalation/intubation in a deteriorating patient.


6MWD Predicted (Enright-Sherrill)
Estimates the predicted six-minute walk distance and its lower limit of normal for a healthy adult of the same sex, age, height, and weight using the Enright-Sherrill reference equations, and reports percent predicted when a measured distance is entered, to interpret a 6-minute walk test against population norms.

Weaning Predictors Bundle (RSBI / CROP / IWI)
Computes three bedside weaning predictors at once — RSBI, CROP, and IWI — from shared respiratory measurements, each with its own pass/fail reading, to help judge readiness for extubation during a spontaneous breathing trial.

VTE-BLEED Score
Estimates major-bleeding risk during extended (stable-phase) anticoagulation in patients treated for venous thromboembolism, stratifying into lower- and elevated-risk groups to inform prolonged-treatment decisions; for the stable phase, not the initial acute treatment period.

GAP Index & Stage for IPF Mortality
Computes the Gender–Age–Physiology (GAP) index and stage in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis to estimate mortality risk from sex, age, FVC, and DLCO and stratify prognosis.

BAP-65 Score for Acute Exacerbation of COPD
Risk-stratifies an acute exacerbation of COPD from blood urea nitrogen, altered mental status, pulse, and age into classes of increasing in-hospital mortality and need for mechanical ventilation.

NoSAS Score (OSA Screening)
Five-item screening score (neck circumference, BMI, snoring, age, sex) that stratifies a patient's probability of clinically significant obstructive sleep apnea to flag who needs confirmatory sleep testing.

Age-Adjusted D-dimer for PE/DVT Exclusion
Raises the D-dimer cutoff with age in patients aged ≥50 with non-high pretest probability of PE/DVT, to safely reduce imaging; not for high pretest probability, instability, or pregnancy.

Predicted Body Weight (PBW) + ARDSNet Lung-Protective Tidal Volume
Estimates predicted body weight from sex and height and converts it into lung-protective tidal-volume targets for mechanical ventilation in ARDS; PBW, not the Anthropometry tool's ideal body weight.

Pregnancy-Adapted YEARS Algorithm for PE
Pregnancy-adapted YEARS diagnostic strategy that decides whether CT pulmonary angiography is needed for suspected pulmonary embolism in pregnancy, adding a leg compression-ultrasound step when DVT signs are present.

P/F Ratio (Horowitz Index)
Oxygenation index (PaO2/FiO2) that grades hypoxemia severity for the ARDS Berlin definition; P/F alone does not establish ARDS, which also requires positive-pressure support, bilateral imaging, and a non-cardiac cause.

A-a Gradient
Computes the alveolar–arterial oxygen gradient from FiO2, barometric pressure, PaO2, and PaCO2 to differentiate causes of hypoxemia (hypoventilation vs V/Q mismatch, shunt, or diffusion impairment).

ROX Index
Predicts high-flow nasal cannula success in acute hypoxemic respiratory failure from SpO2, FiO2, and respiratory rate (most data in pneumonia, generalization uncertain).

STOP-BANG (OSA)
Eight-item yes/no questionnaire (snoring, tiredness, observed apneas, hypertension, BMI, age, neck circumference, male sex) that screens adults for obstructive sleep apnea risk; a screening tool only — diagnosis and severity need polysomnography or home sleep apnea testing.

BODE Index (COPD Mortality)
Multidimensional COPD severity index combining BMI, airflow obstruction (FEV1), dyspnea (mMRC), and exercise capacity (6-minute walk distance) to predict mortality and gauge disease severity in COPD.

Light's Criteria (Pleural Effusion: Exudate vs Transudate)
Classifies a pleural effusion as exudate or transudate from paired pleural-fluid and serum protein and LDH in adults; sensitive but can misclassify diuretic-treated transudates as exudates — check the serum–pleural albumin gradient if a transudate is expected.

Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS)
Self-rated 8-situation questionnaire that quantifies habitual daytime sleepiness by summing the chance of dozing off (not merely feeling tired) in everyday settings, to screen for excessive daytime sleepiness warranting evaluation.

COPD Assessment Test (CAT)
Sums 8 patient-reported items into a COPD symptom and health-status impact score, used to identify high symptom burden and inform GOLD ABE grouping; inflated during an acute exacerbation.

mMRC Dyspnea Scale
Single-item ordinal scale (0–4) grading breathlessness during daily activities at the patient's stable baseline, to assess symptom burden in COPD and feed the GOLD ABE grouping; not for acute dyspnea, and not interchangeable with CAT.

GOLD ABE Group + Spirometric Grade
Classifies confirmed COPD into a spirometric grade (GOLD 1–4) from post-bronchodilator FEV1 % predicted and into the GOLD 2023+ ABE group from symptom burden and exacerbation history, to guide initial therapy; requires established airflow obstruction (FEV1/FVC < 0.70).

YEARS Algorithm for Pulmonary Embolism
Simplified diagnostic strategy combining three clinical items with an item-dependent D-dimer threshold to decide whether CT pulmonary angiography is needed in hemodynamically stable adults with suspected PE; not for unstable/massive PE (image directly) or pregnancy.

DECAF Score (AECOPD in-hospital mortality)
Predicts in-hospital mortality in patients admitted with an acute exacerbation of COPD from five admission variables — Dyspnoea, Eosinopenia, Consolidation, Acidaemia, atrial Fibrillation — to stratify risk and guide disposition; uses the extended MRC (eMRCD) dyspnoea scale.

Hepatology

GPR (GGT-to-Platelet Ratio)
GPR (GGT-to-Platelet Ratio) estimates liver fibrosis stage from GGT and platelet count to non-invasively screen for significant fibrosis and cirrhosis, derived and validated primarily in chronic hepatitis B; not a substitute for biopsy or elastography.

BARD Score (NAFLD Advanced Fibrosis)
BARD Score weights BMI, AST/ALT ratio, and type 2 diabetes to rule out advanced fibrosis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Rule-out tool only (high negative predictive value, low positive predictive value); not for confirming fibrosis. Distinct from the NAFLD Fibrosis Score.

MELD-XI (MELD Excluding INR)
MELD-XI estimates end-stage liver disease severity from bilirubin and creatinine alone, for patients in whom INR is unreliable or unavailable (e.g. on anticoagulant therapy). This is the INR-excluding variant; it is not interchangeable with MELD, MELD-Na, or MELD 3.0.

Forns Index (HCV Liver Fibrosis)
Estimates the likelihood of significant liver fibrosis in adults with chronic hepatitis C to help decide who can avoid liver biopsy; not validated in other liver diseases and unreliable in HCV genotype 3.

King's Score (liver fibrosis)
Estimates the likelihood of advanced liver scarring (significant fibrosis or cirrhosis) in chronic viral hepatitis as a screening aid for further evaluation; this is the liver-fibrosis King's Score, not the King's College Criteria for acute liver failure.

PAGE-B Score (HCC Risk in Chronic Hepatitis B on Antivirals)
Estimates the 5-year risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in adults with chronic hepatitis B on long-term nucleos(t)ide analogue therapy (entecavir or tenofovir) from age, sex, and platelet count, to guide HCC surveillance intensity.

PALBI Grade (Platelet-Albumin-Bilirubin)
Estimates liver functional reserve and prognosis from platelet count plus the objective ALBI variables (albumin and bilirubin) to stratify outcomes in hepatocellular carcinoma, cirrhosis, and acute variceal bleeding.


Baveno VII Non-Invasive Criteria (cACLD / CSPH)
Applies the Baveno VII consensus non-invasive cut-offs to a reliable VCTE/FibroScan liver stiffness measurement and platelet count to classify compensated advanced chronic liver disease (cACLD) and clinically significant portal hypertension (CSPH), supporting non-selective beta-blocker decisions.

CLIF-C AD Score (acute decompensation, no ACLF)
Estimates short-term mortality in hospitalised cirrhotic patients with acute decompensation but WITHOUT acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF grade 0); if any organ failure is present, use the CLIF-C ACLF score instead.

CLIF-C ACLF Score (acute-on-chronic liver failure)
Grades acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) and predicts short-term mortality from six organ-system scores plus age and white-cell count, using the CLIF Consortium / EF-Clif (CANONIC) algorithm.

King's College Criteria for Acute Liver Failure
Identifies patients with acute liver failure who have a poor prognosis without transplantation, using separate acetaminophen and non-acetaminophen criteria; high specificity but low-to-moderate sensitivity, so a negative result does not exclude a poor prognosis.

R Factor for Liver Injury Pattern
Classifies a pattern of acute liver injury as hepatocellular, cholestatic, or mixed from the relative rise of ALT versus ALP, as a diagnostic aid for characterizing suspected drug-induced liver injury.

Child-Pugh Score (Cirrhosis Severity)
Grades cirrhosis severity in adults from bilirubin, albumin, INR, ascites, and encephalopathy, classifying patients into Class A, B, or C to inform surgical-risk stratification, transplant-referral consideration, and HCC treatment selection.

MELD / MELD-Na / MELD 3.0
Scores liver-disease severity in transplant candidates from labs (MELD, MELD-Na, and MELD 3.0, the current OPTN standard since July 2023 for ages 12 and older) for waitlist prioritization; educational reference — use the official OPTN calculator for allocation.

PELD legacy / pre-2023 (historical, not current OPTN allocation)
Legacy Pediatric End-stage Liver Disease score (bilirubin, INR, albumin, age under 1 year, and growth failure — no creatinine), shown for historical/educational reference; not the current OPTN allocation score (PELD-Cr since 2023).

FIB-4 Index (Liver Fibrosis)
Non-invasively estimates the likelihood of advanced liver fibrosis (F3–F4) in adults with chronic liver disease (HCV, NAFLD/MASLD) from age, AST, ALT, and platelets, to triage who needs further fibrosis assessment.

Maddrey's Discriminant Function (MDF)
Assesses severity of alcohol-associated hepatitis from prothrombin time and bilirubin to identify severe disease in which corticosteroids may be considered, then reassessed for response by the Lille score at day 7.

Lille Score
Evaluates corticosteroid response after 7 days of treatment in severe alcohol-associated hepatitis, from age, albumin, day-0 and day-7 bilirubin, renal function, and PT, to decide whether to continue or stop steroids.

APRI (AST-to-Platelet Ratio Index)
Non-invasively estimates significant liver fibrosis and cirrhosis from AST (relative to its upper limit of normal) and platelet count, used mainly in chronic hepatitis C.

ALBI Score (Albumin-Bilirubin)
Grades liver function objectively from just bilirubin and albumin (no ascites or encephalopathy grading) for prognostication in hepatocellular carcinoma and chronic liver disease.

NAFLD Fibrosis Score
Non-invasively estimates the likelihood of advanced fibrosis (F3–F4) in adults with NAFLD/MASLD from age, BMI, IFG/diabetes, AST/ALT ratio, platelets, and albumin, to triage who needs further fibrosis assessment.

GAHS (Glasgow Alcoholic Hepatitis Score)
Prognostic score for alcohol-associated hepatitis that grades day-1 or day-7 severity to flag severe disease and inform corticosteroid candidacy.

ABIC (Age-Bilirubin-INR-Creatinine)
Prognostic score for alcohol-associated hepatitis (age, bilirubin, INR, creatinine) that stratifies 90-day survival into low-, intermediate-, and high-risk tiers to inform steroid candidacy and discharge planning.

Metabolism & Nutrition

Modified NUTRIC Score (mNUTRIC, no IL-6)
Bedside nutritional-risk score for critically ill ICU adults (modified NUTRIC, IL-6 term removed) from age, APACHE II, SOFA, comorbidities, and admission timing, to flag patients most likely to benefit from aggressive nutrition therapy.

CONUT (Controlling Nutritional Status) Score
Screens adults for protein-energy undernutrition from three routine labs — serum albumin, total lymphocyte count, and total cholesterol — reporting a nutritional-status band from normal to severe.

Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index (GNRI)
Screens older adults for nutrition-related risk from serum albumin and the ratio of actual to ideal body weight, stratifying risk into grades from major to none.

TPN Macronutrient Calories, NPC:N Ratio & Osmolarity
Estimates the total and non-protein calories, the non-protein-calorie-to-nitrogen ratio, and the osmolarity of a parenteral nutrition admixture from its macronutrients and electrolytes, to size the formula and flag whether central venous access is needed.

BMR & Daily Calorie Needs
Estimates basal metabolic rate and daily calorie needs in adults using the Mifflin-St Jeor and Harris-Benedict equations with an activity factor, when indirect calorimetry is unavailable.

Corrected Calcium
Adjusts measured serum calcium for serum albumin to estimate true calcium status in outpatients with near-normal albumin; unreliable in critical illness, dialysis, or marked hypoalbuminemia — measure ionized calcium when accuracy matters.

NRS-2002 (Nutritional Risk Screening 2002)
Hospital nutritional-risk screen for inpatient adults (ESPEN) combining a 4-item initial screen with impaired-nutrition, disease-severity, and age scoring to flag patients warranting a nutritional care plan; a screening tool, not a diagnosis of malnutrition.

Obstetrics

Robson Ten Group Classification System (TGCS)
Robson Ten Group Classification System assigns each delivery to one of 10 mutually exclusive groups to standardize and audit cesarean section rates. Classification only; does not recommend a mode of delivery.


Manning Biophysical Profile (BPP)
Manning Biophysical Profile scores five fetal parameters (each 0 or 2) to assess antepartum fetal well-being and guide delivery timing. Oligohydramnios (low amniotic fluid) warrants delivery consideration regardless of total score.

IOM/NASEM 2009 Gestational Weight Gain
Looks up the IOM/NASEM 2009 recommended total pregnancy weight-gain range — and, for singletons, the second- and third-trimester weekly rate — from pre-pregnancy BMI and whether the pregnancy is singleton or twin, to guide gestational weight-gain counselling.

VBAC Success Probability (Grobman 2021 race-neutral MFMU)
Estimates the probability of a successful vaginal birth after cesarean at term from maternal demographics, obstetric history, and treated chronic hypertension, using the 2021 race-neutral MFMU model, to support shared decision-making about a trial of labor.

Gestational Age by Crown-Rump Length (Robinson-Fleming)
Estimates first-trimester gestational age from a single ultrasound crown-rump length using the Robinson-Fleming equation, reporting completed days and weeks plus days for early pregnancy dating.

fullPIERS Pre-eclampsia Adverse Outcome Model
Estimates the 48-hour risk of an adverse maternal outcome in a woman already diagnosed with pre-eclampsia, using the fullPIERS model, to stratify risk — a prognostic tool for established pre-eclampsia, not a diagnostic test.

HELLP Classification (Tennessee + Mississippi)
Classifies an established or suspected HELLP presentation by a selected system — Tennessee (Complete/Partial) or Mississippi (Class I–III) — from LDH, AST, platelets, and optional ALT and bilirubin, to grade severity.

Due Date & Gestational Age
Estimates the expected delivery date and current gestational age from the last menstrual period and cycle length; first-trimester ultrasound is more accurate, and ART pregnancies should be dated from the transfer/conception date.

Ovulation Date Estimator
Estimates the ovulation day and fertile window from the last menstrual period and cycle length; first-trimester ultrasound is more accurate for dating, and ART pregnancies should be dated from the transfer/conception date.

Apgar Score
Rapidly assesses a newborn's condition at 1 and 5 minutes after birth from appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, and respiration, to guide immediate resuscitation needs.

Bishop Score
Scores cervical readiness for labor induction from dilation, effacement, consistency, position, and fetal station, to predict the likelihood of successful induction and whether cervical ripening is advisable.

Estimated Fetal Weight (Hadlock)
Estimates fetal weight from four ultrasound biometrics (BPD, head and abdominal circumference, femur length) using the Hadlock 4-parameter formula, to track interval growth alongside fluid and Doppler assessment.

Pediatrics

Pediatric Trauma Score (PTS, Tepas)
Pediatric Trauma Score (Tepas) sums six weighted components to triage injured children, where lower scores indicate more severe injury.

NIPS (Neonatal Infant Pain Scale)
Behavioral observation tool that grades procedural or acute pain in neonates and young infants who cannot self-report, from six bedside behaviors, to guide whether comfort or analgesic measures are warranted.


Yale Observation Scale (YOS)
Rates six observable behaviors in a young febrile child (also called the Acute Illness Observation Scale) to gauge how ill the child appears and the likelihood of serious illness.

Thompson HIE Score
Grades the severity of hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy in term newborns from nine bedside neurological signs (no equipment needed), classifying it as mild, moderate, or severe to support assessment and prognostic discussion.

Neonatal Therapeutic Hypothermia Eligibility (NICHD)
Checks whether a newborn with suspected hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy meets the NICHD whole-body cooling trial entry criteria (gestation/age, acidosis, and neurologic exam gates), reporting eligibility and the reason any gate is unmet.

New Ballard Score (Gestational Age Maturity)
Estimates a newborn’s gestational age from a structured exam of neuromuscular and physical maturity signs (validated from extremely preterm through post-term) when obstetric dating is unavailable or uncertain.

Bacterial Meningitis Score for Children (Nigrovic)
Identifies children 29 days to 19 years with CSF pleocytosis who are at very low risk of bacterial (versus aseptic) meningitis; a score of 0 should not defer treatment in infants 2 months or younger.

PAS (Pediatric Appendicitis Score)
Scores eight clinical and laboratory findings to estimate the likelihood of acute appendicitis in children and adolescents for risk stratification — not a stand-alone rule-in or rule-out test.

Pediatric Appendicitis Risk Calculator (pARC)
Estimates the probability of appendicitis in children and adolescents 5–18.9 years with acute abdominal pain up to 96 hours, to guide imaging versus observation — a risk aid, not a rule-in/rule-out diagnosis.

PRAM Score (Pediatric Respiratory Assessment Measure)
Grades the severity of an acute asthma exacerbation in children (roughly 1–17 years) by rating five bedside signs — suprasternal retraction, scalene contraction, air entry, wheezing, and room-air oxygen saturation — to stratify mild, moderate, and severe disease.

Silverman-Andersen Retraction Score
Grades neonatal work of breathing in spontaneously breathing newborns by rating five signs of respiratory distress — upper-chest synchrony, lower-chest retraction, xiphoid retraction, nasal flaring, and expiratory grunt — with limited applicability once on positive-pressure support.

Modified Finnegan Neonatal Abstinence Score (NAS)
Scores the severity of neonatal abstinence syndrome by summing 21 weighted withdrawal signs across CNS, metabolic/vasomotor/respiratory, and gastrointestinal domains; scores a single administration only — trend consecutive scores per protocol for treatment decisions.


Glucose Infusion Rate (GIR)
Estimates the glucose infusion rate delivered by an intravenous dextrose solution from weight, dextrose concentration, and infusion rate, solving bidirectionally for any one of these from the other two to guide pediatric and neonatal dextrose dosing.

Phoenix Sepsis Score (Pediatric)
Estimates organ dysfunction in children with suspected infection by scoring respiratory, cardiovascular, coagulation, and neurologic systems, to identify pediatric sepsis and septic shock.

PECARN Pediatric Blunt Abdominal Trauma Rule
Identifies children under 18 with blunt torso trauma at very low risk of intra-abdominal injury needing intervention, from seven history and exam findings, so CT can usually be deferred; a rule-out aid, not for penetrating trauma and never mandating CT.

Holliday-Segar Maintenance Fluid
Applies the 4-2-1 rule to estimate daily pediatric maintenance fluid volume from weight; specifies volume only — not tonicity, electrolyte composition, or rate (current guidance favors isotonic maintenance fluid to reduce iatrogenic hyponatremia).

Pediatric Dehydration Fluid Deficit
Estimates a child's free-water/fluid deficit from the clinically assessed percentage of dehydration and current weight, to guide rehydration planning (infants are generally assessed at higher percentages than older children).

Pediatric GCS (Age-Modified)
Age-modified Glasgow Coma Scale that grades impaired consciousness in children, keeping the eye-opening and motor scales identical across ages while adapting the verbal scale for pre-verbal infants and young children, to gauge head-injury severity.

CDC BMI-for-Age + 2022 Extended BMI (Pediatric 2–19 yr)
Calculates a child's BMI and age- and sex-specific BMI-for-age percentile on the CDC growth charts (with the CDC 2022 Extended BMI metric for very high BMI) to classify weight status in children 2–19 years.

Westley Croup Score
Grades the severity of croup (laryngotracheobronchitis) in children from five clinical signs to guide management; cyanosis and decreased consciousness are late, ominous signs, so a child may be clinically severe with a low score.

Kocher Criteria for Septic Arthritis (Pediatric Hip)
Estimates the probability that an acutely irritable pediatric hip is septic arthritis rather than transient synovitis, to support the decision to aspirate; hip only, not a substitute for hip aspiration.

Neurological Assessment

GDS-15 (Geriatric Depression Scale, 15-item)
GDS-15 screens for depression in older adults using 15 yes/no items to flag patients who warrant further evaluation. Screening tool, not diagnostic; positive results require clinical evaluation.

STESS (Status Epilepticus Severity Score)
STESS estimates outcome risk in status epilepticus from four clinical predictors at onset to orient early treatment aggressiveness. Prognostic aid only, not a substitute for clinical judgment.

ICH-GS (Intracerebral Hemorrhage Grading Scale)
ICH-GS grades primary spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage from age, GCS, hemorrhage location and volume, and intraventricular extension to stratify 30-day mortality and functional-outcome risk. Prognostic only, not a treatment-limitation rule; use clinical judgment.

ABCD3-I Score (TIA Stroke Risk with Imaging)
Estimates short-term stroke risk after a transient ischemic attack (TIA) by adding recurrent-TIA and carotid/MRI-DWI imaging items to the clinical ABCD2 score, to triage and prioritize urgent evaluation; a distinct calculator from the imaging-free ABCD2.

FUNC Score (ICH Functional Outcome)
Estimates the likelihood of functional independence at 90 days after a primary (spontaneous) intracerebral hemorrhage, as a baseline prognostic aid for primary ICH only that must never be the sole basis for goals-of-care decisions.

FOUR Score + GCS-P (Coma Assessment)
Grades coma severity with the FOUR Score (eye, motor, brainstem, respiration) — usable in intubated patients since it needs no verbal response — alongside the companion GCS-Pupils (GCS-P) index of clinical severity after brain injury.


WFNS SAH Grade
Assigns the World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies clinical grade (I–V) for aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage from the Glasgow Coma Scale and any major focal deficit; reports the clinical grade only, not a prognosis or treatment recommendation.

DRAGON Score (Post-tPA Ischemic Stroke Outcome)
Predicts 3-month functional outcome after intravenous thrombolysis (alteplase) for acute ischemic stroke, as a prognostic aid for already-treated patients — not a treatment-eligibility tool, and never used in isolation to withhold treatment.

NIHSS (Stroke Severity)
15-item bedside scale quantifying acute stroke severity to support thrombolytic/endovascular decisions, prognosis, and serial monitoring; this simplified version accepts only numeric scores and does not implement the official untestable (UN) codes, so interpret partial scores accordingly.

mRS (modified Rankin Scale)
Standard ordinal scale (0–6, lower is better) for grading global functional disability after stroke and other neurological or surgical injury, widely used as the primary outcome and “favourable outcome” endpoint in stroke trials.

ABC/2 ICH Volume (Intracerebral Hemorrhage)
Estimates the volume of a spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage from a non-contrast head CT using the bedside ABC/2 ellipsoid approximation, a strong predictor of 30-day mortality and an input to the ICH Score.

PHQ-9 (Depression Screen)
Nine-item self-report questionnaire that screens for and grades depression severity in adults; Item 9 screens self-harm/suicidality and any non-zero response warrants immediate clinical evaluation regardless of total score.

GAD-7 (Anxiety Screen)
Seven-item self-report questionnaire that screens for and grades generalized anxiety in adults (also useful for panic, social anxiety, and PTSD), to flag patients needing fuller evaluation; commonly co-administered with the PHQ-9.

ABCD2 Score (TIA Stroke Risk)
Estimates short-term (2-, 7-, and 90-day) ischemic-stroke risk after a suspected transient ischemic attack to triage evaluation urgency; do not use the score alone to defer imaging or specialist referral.

ICH Score (Hemphill) — 30-Day Mortality after Spontaneous ICH
Predicts 30-day mortality after spontaneous (non-traumatic) intracerebral hemorrhage from five admission variables (GCS, ICH volume, IVH, infratentorial origin, age); predicts mortality not functional outcome, so do not use it alone to limit care.

CIWA-Ar (Alcohol Withdrawal Assessment, Revised)
Quantifies alcohol-withdrawal severity across 10 clinical signs to guide symptom-triggered benzodiazepine dosing and gauge seizure/delirium-tremens risk; requires an awake, communicative patient and is not valid when sedated, obtunded, or better explained by another condition.

Hunt-Hess Grade (Subarachnoid Hemorrhage)
Records and interprets the clinician’s Hunt-Hess grade (I–V) for non-traumatic aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage — an ordinal bedside severity stratifier based on level of consciousness, headache/meningismus, and focal deficit — to gauge surgical risk and prognosis.

Modified Fisher Scale (SAH) — Cerebral Vasospasm Risk
Grades aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage on the admission non-contrast head CT (by cisternal blood thickness and intraventricular hemorrhage) to stratify the risk of subsequent symptomatic cerebral vasospasm and delayed cerebral ischemia.

Ottawa Subarachnoid Hemorrhage (SAH) Rule
One-way decision rule that helps rule OUT subarachnoid hemorrhage in alert, neurologically intact emergency-department adults (older than 15) presenting with a new, severe, non-traumatic headache that peaked within 1 hour; a positive result cannot rule out SAH and is not a diagnosis.

Pharmacokinetics

Aminoglycoside Two-Level Pharmacokinetics (Sawchuk–Zaske)
Individualizes aminoglycoside pharmacokinetics from two serum levels drawn in the same dosing interval (Sawchuk–Zaske two-level method) to back-extrapolate true peak and trough and recommend a dose and interval, for adults on intermittent IV gentamicin, tobramycin, or amikacin at steady state.

Loading Dose
Estimates the single dose needed to rapidly reach a target plasma concentration from the drug's volume of distribution and bioavailability, for one-compartment dosing where a quick therapeutic level is wanted.

Maintenance Dose
Estimates the dose rate needed to maintain a target steady-state plasma concentration from drug clearance and bioavailability, reporting a continuous-infusion rate that can be scaled to an intermittent dose per interval.

Morphine Milligram Equivalents (MME)
Converts a single opioid regimen to total daily morphine milligram equivalents (MME/day) with CDC 2022 oral conversion factors, to gauge opioid risk against the 50 and 90 MME/day guideposts; methadone potency is non-linear — convert only with specialist guidance.

Half-Life (t½)
Estimates a drug's elimination half-life — from volume of distribution and clearance, or from two timed serum concentrations — and the time to reach steady state, assuming first-order (linear) elimination.

Calvert Formula (Carboplatin)
Calculates the carboplatin dose for a target AUC from the patient's GFR (Calvert formula), to individualize chemotherapy dosing by renal function.

Phenytoin Loading Dose
Computes a phenytoin or fosphenytoin loading dose (in phenytoin equivalents) for acute seizure or status epilepticus; IV phenytoin must be infused slowly because of cardiac toxicity, while fosphenytoin allows faster administration.

Vancomycin AUC24-Guided Dosing (Two-Level)
Estimates the 24-hour vancomycin AUC from two steady-state serum levels (two-level Sawchuk–Zaske method) to guide dosing toward the AUC24/MIC target for serious MRSA infection, in adults on intermittent IV vancomycin.

Nursing Assessment

SPPB (Short Physical Performance Battery)
Composite measure of lower-extremity function in older adults — summing timed standing balance, a 4-meter gait walk, and repeated chair stands — used to screen for mobility limitation and prognosticate.

STRATIFY Falls Risk (St Thomas's)
Bedside fall-risk screen for elderly hospital inpatients, summing five risk items to flag patients at high risk of falling for targeted prevention.

Waterlow Pressure Ulcer Risk Score
Estimates an adult inpatient's risk of developing a pressure ulcer by summing weighted points across build, skin, sex/age, nutrition, continence, mobility, and special-risk factors, to trigger prevention measures.

CPOT (Critical-Care Pain Observation Tool)
Behavioral pain-assessment aid for nonverbal or sedated critically ill adults who cannot self-report, rating four observed indicators to detect likely pain; patient self-report remains the gold standard whenever the patient can communicate.

Behavioral Pain Scale (BPS / BPS-NI)
Observational pain scale for critically ill adults who cannot self-report, scoring facial expression, upper-limb movements, and ventilator compliance or vocalization to detect pain; attempt a verbal pain check first if the patient can communicate.

Braden Scale (Pressure Injury Risk)
Bedside risk-stratification tool for hospital-acquired pressure injury (decubitus ulcer), summing six subscales — lower scores meaning higher risk — to trigger prevention measures.

Morse Fall Scale
Bedside fall-risk screen for adult acute-care inpatients, summing six items to stratify fall risk and activate fall-prevention measures.

CAM-ICU (Confusion Assessment Method for ICU)
Algorithmic bedside screen for ICU delirium combining acute/fluctuating mental change, inattention, altered consciousness, and disorganized thinking; the patient must first be arousable (RASS ≥ −3) — RASS −4 or −5 cannot be assessed.

Mini-Cog (Cognitive Screen)
Brief cognitive screen for primary care, ED, or pre-anesthesia evaluation, combining 3-item word recall with a clock-drawing task to flag patients needing fuller cognitive assessment.

Norton Scale (Pressure Injury Risk)
Original five-subscale bedside score (physical condition, mental condition, activity, mobility, incontinence) that grades pressure-injury risk in adults, with lower totals indicating higher risk, to trigger preventive skin care.

Hendrich II Fall Risk Model
Eight-item weighted fall-risk model for adult acute-care inpatients (confusion, depression, altered elimination, dizziness, male sex, antiepileptic and benzodiazepine use, Get-Up-and-Go) that flags high fall risk to trigger the fall-prevention bundle.

CAM (Confusion Assessment Method, Non-ICU)
Original non-ICU Confusion Assessment Method (Inouye) for general wards, ED, and primary care that detects delirium from four observed features; use CAM-ICU instead for intubated or non-verbal ICU patients.

PAINAD (Pain Assessment in Advanced Dementia)
Observational five-item pain scale (breathing, vocalization, facial expression, body language, consolability) for adults with advanced dementia or cognitive impairment who cannot self-report; it supplements rather than replaces a verbal pain check when communication is possible.

Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale (RASS)
Single 10-level ordinal observation grading agitation and sedation via a standardized 3-step bedside procedure, used to titrate sedation and gate CAM-ICU delirium screening; preserve the sign — negative is sedation, positive is agitation.

4AT (Rapid Assessment Test for Delirium)
Brief four-item bedside tool (alertness, AMT4 orientation, months-backwards attention, acute change or fluctuation) for rapid screening of delirium and cognitive impairment, with higher totals prompting confirmatory clinical assessment; a screen, not a diagnosis.

Rehab / Functional

Barthel Index (Activities of Daily Living)
Sums ten weighted activities-of-daily-living items (feeding, bathing, grooming, dressing, bowel and bladder control, toilet use, transfers, mobility, stairs) on the original 0–100 scale to measure functional independence; best read as a serial measure of change.

Katz Index of Independence in Activities of Daily Living (ADL)
Scores independence in six basic activities of daily living (bathing, dressing, toileting, transferring, continence, feeding) to gauge functional status in older and chronically ill adults, using the simplified 0–6 binary summary rather than the original A–G grading.

Lawton-Brody IADL Scale (Instrumental Activities of Daily Living)
Informant- or self-report measure of eight instrumental activities of daily living (telephone, shopping, food preparation, housekeeping, laundry, transportation, medications, finances) screening ability to live independently in the community; a single low domain can be clinically meaningful.

Drug Dosing

Adjusted Body Weight (AjBW) for Drug Dosing in Obesity
Adjusted Body Weight estimates a dosing weight in obesity to scale drug doses for agents with limited adipose distribution. Verify the correction factor and dosing-weight choice against current drug-specific references; not a substitute for TDM.

Theophylline / Aminophylline Dosing
Estimates an IV theophylline or aminophylline loading dose and maintenance infusion rate from a target serum concentration, body weight, and a population-based clearance, adjusting for the salt form so the milligrams are of the drug given.

Potassium Replacement Deficit Estimator
Roughly estimates the total-body potassium deficit from the gap between a measured and a target serum potassium in depletional hypokalemia; a starting point only, not a dosing prescription — individualize with serum monitoring.

Phenytoin Michaelis-Menten Dose Adjustment
Adjusts phenytoin dosing by saturable Michaelis-Menten kinetics — predicting steady-state level from a dose, dosing for a target level, or estimating patient Vmax — with salt-form correction; near saturation, small dose changes cause large level swings.

Lithium Maintenance Dose (Cooper Nomogram)
Predicts the daily lithium-ion maintenance requirement from a single 24-hour serum lithium level drawn after one 600 mg lithium carbonate test dose, using the Cooper nomogram, as a starting estimate to confirm by steady-state monitoring.


Corticosteroid (Glucocorticoid) Dose Equivalence Converter
Converts a dose of one systemic corticosteroid into the approximately equivalent glucocorticoid dose of the other common agents (hydrocortisone as reference), also showing relative potency, mineralocorticoid activity, and duration of action, for oral systemic dosing.

Enoxaparin Weight-Based Dosing
Applies FDA Lovenox label dosing for subcutaneous enoxaparin by indication (weight-based treatment of DVT/PE, fixed-dose prophylaxis), with a mandatory renal dose reduction in renal impairment; label-based decision support, not a prescription.

Ganzoni Total Iron Deficit
Estimates the total body iron deficit from body weight, current and target hemoglobin, and an iron-store allowance using the Ganzoni equation, to plan intravenous iron replacement.

Infusion Rate / Dose Converter (mcg/kg/min ↔ mg/hr ↔ mL/hr)
Converts a continuous IV infusion between dose units (mcg/kg/min, mcg/min, mg/hr, units/hr) and pump rate (mL/hr) by dimensional analysis for a given weight and drug concentration; independently double-check before programming high-alert infusions.

DOAC Dose-Eligibility Checker (Apixaban / Rivaroxaban / Edoxaban / Dabigatran)
Applies FDA label dosing rules for a chosen direct oral anticoagulant and indication in adults, returning the standard versus reduced dose with renal and contraindication warnings; label-based decision support, not a prescription.

IV Drip Rate (gtt/min)
Calculates the gravity-drip rate in drops per minute (gtt/min) from infusion volume, total time, and the IV tubing’s drop factor, and gives the equivalent mL/hr for an infusion pump.

Pediatric Dose (mg/kg)
Computes a child’s per-dose milligram amount from a mg/kg/dose scheme and weight, with optional daily total and daily-maximum check; arithmetic only — verify the dose against a current pediatric formulary.

C₁V₁ = C₂V₂ Dilution
Solves the C₁V₁ = C₂V₂ dilution equation for the stock volume (V₁) and diluent needed to prepare a final volume at a target concentration, using any consistent concentration and volume units.

% w/v ↔ mg/mL Concentration
Converts a solution concentration between percent weight-in-volume (% w/v) and mg/mL, with g/100 mL and mg/L cross-references, for checking IV admixtures, irrigation and electrolyte preparations, and pharmacy labels.

Heparin Weight-Based Protocol
Calculates the weight-based unfractionated heparin bolus and initial infusion rate for VTE or ACS, with an optional aPTT-guided adjustment; the VTE nomogram does not apply to ACS — use your institutional ACS protocol and aPTT range.

Lab Values

FINDRISC (Finnish Diabetes Risk Score)
Estimates a person’s 10-year risk of developing type 2 diabetes from a short non-invasive questionnaire (age, BMI, waist, activity, diet, blood-pressure medication, prior high glucose, family history); a screening aid, not a diagnosis.


Electrolyte Unit Converter (mEq / mmol / mg)
Converts an electrolyte concentration or amount between milliequivalents (mEq), millimoles (mmol), and milligrams (mg) for a selected ion (Na, K, Cl, Ca, Mg, HCO3, P, Li) using its atomic weight and valence.

METS-IR (Metabolic Score for Insulin Resistance)
Estimates insulin resistance and cardiometabolic risk from four fasting, insulin-free inputs — fasting plasma glucose, triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol, and body mass index — with higher values indicating greater insulin resistance.

Glucose Management Indicator (GMI)
Estimates the laboratory HbA1c expected from a continuous glucose monitor’s mean glucose (% for mg/dL input, mmol/mol for mmol/L); not a substitute for a laboratory A1C — discordance is common.

Full Acid-Base Compensation
Classifies the primary acid-base disorder from pH, pCO2, and HCO3 and compares the measured value with the expected compensation to detect a mixed disorder, covering all six metabolic and respiratory patterns.

Anion Gap
Estimates unmeasured serum anions to separate high-anion-gap metabolic acidosis (lactate, ketones, uremia, toxic alcohols, salicylate) from normal-anion-gap causes, with optional albumin correction.

Plasma Osmolality
Estimates calculated serum osmolality from sodium, glucose, and BUN to evaluate hyperosmolar states.

LDL Cholesterol Estimators (Friedewald & Sampson)
Estimates LDL cholesterol by the Friedewald and Sampson/NIH equations from total cholesterol, HDL, and triglycerides for cardiovascular risk assessment.

Corrected Sodium for Hyperglycemia
Estimates serum sodium as if glucose were normal to unmask true dilutional hyponatremia masked by hyperglycemia during DKA/HHS management; this is translocational dilution, not pseudohyponatremia (an indirect-ISE assay artifact).

Effective Osmolality (Tonicity)
Estimates effective serum osmolality (tonicity) from sodium and glucose, excluding freely-permeable urea, to distinguish HHS from DKA and guide fluid management.

Free Water Deficit
Estimates the free water needed to correct hypernatremia from total body water and current sodium; in chronic or unknown-onset cases overly rapid correction risks cerebral edema, seizures, and neurologic injury.

Winter's Formula
Estimates the expected PCO2 for a given bicarbonate in metabolic acidosis to detect a superimposed concurrent respiratory acidosis or alkalosis.

Delta Gap / Delta Ratio
Compares the rise in anion gap with the fall in bicarbonate in high-anion-gap metabolic acidosis to detect a coexisting non-anion-gap acidosis or metabolic alkalosis.

Urine Anion Gap (UAG)
Estimates urinary ammonium (NH4+) excretion in a normal-anion-gap metabolic acidosis to separate a renal cause (impaired acid excretion, e.g. renal tubular acidosis) from extrarenal bicarbonate loss such as diarrhea.

Osmolar Gap
Compares measured serum osmolality with the calculated value to detect unmeasured osmoles — toxic alcohols (methanol, ethylene glycol), mannitol, or ketones — during a toxic-ingestion or unexplained metabolic-acidosis workup.

TyG Index
Triglyceride-glucose index, a fasting-lipid and glucose surrogate for insulin resistance used in cardiometabolic risk assessment; this page reports the 8-point ln[(TG×Glu)/2] scale, whose cutoffs are not interchangeable with the half-log variant.

HOMA-IR / HOMA-β
Homeostasis Model Assessment surrogate indices of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and pancreatic β-cell function (HOMA-β) from a single fasting insulin and glucose, for metabolic-syndrome workup and population research.

Mentzer Index
Differentiates the cause of a microcytic anemia from the MCV-to-RBC-count ratio, helping distinguish thalassemia trait from iron-deficiency anemia before confirmatory testing.

HbA1c → Estimated Average Glucose (eAG)
Converts an HbA1c (%, DCCT/NGSP) into an estimated average glucose (eAG) for patients with stable glycemia; it is a population-mean estimate, not a spot glucose, and is unreliable when red-cell lifespan or the A1c–glucose relationship is altered.

Adrogué-Madias Formula (Change in Serum Na per 1 L Infusate)
Predicts the change in serum sodium per litre of a chosen IV fluid to guide correction rate in hyponatremia or hypernatremia; it underestimates the rise, so recheck serum Na and cap 24-hour correction to avoid osmotic demyelination.

QUICKI (Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index)
Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index, a fasting insulin and glucose surrogate for whole-body insulin sensitivity (higher means more sensitive, the opposite direction to HOMA-IR), used in metabolic research and screening.

Hematology & Oncology

PROTECHT Score (Chemotherapy-Associated VTE Risk)
PROTECHT Score estimates chemotherapy-associated venous thromboembolism risk in ambulatory cancer patients to guide thromboprophylaxis decisions. Risk-stratification tool only, not a substitute for individualized clinical judgment or bleeding-risk assessment.


GIPSS (Genetically Inspired Prognostic Scoring System) — Primary Myelofibrosis
GIPSS stratifies survival in primary myelofibrosis from karyotype and mutations alone, to guide transplant-vs-observation decisions. Mutation/cytogenetic-only model; does not replace clinically-anchored DIPSS/DIPSS-Plus.


CARG Chemotherapy Toxicity Score (Hurria 2011)
Estimates the risk of severe (grade ≥ 3) chemotherapy toxicity in older adults with cancer about to start treatment, combining patient, tumor, treatment, lab, and geriatric-assessment items to stratify low, medium, or high risk.


IMDC / Heng Risk Model (Metastatic RCC)
Counts six routine clinical and laboratory risk factors to stratify metastatic renal cell carcinoma patients starting systemic therapy into favorable, intermediate, or poor prognostic groups, supporting first-line treatment selection and trial risk-stratification.

Glasgow Prognostic Score (GPS) and modified GPS (mGPS)
Inflammation-based prognostic score combining serum C-reactive protein and albumin to grade outcome risk across many cancers, reporting the original GPS and the modified mGPS side by side.


Multiple Myeloma ISS (Greipp 2005)
Stages newly diagnosed multiple myeloma into three prognostic groups (ISS Stage I–III) from serum beta-2 microglobulin and albumin, each associated with a different expected survival.

DIPSS / DIPSS-Plus (Primary Myelofibrosis Prognosis)
Two-stage prognostic estimate for primary myelofibrosis that grades the dynamic clinical (DIPSS) risk category, then refines it with platelet count, transfusion status, and karyotype, reporting both categories together.

Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation Comorbidity Index (HCT-CI)
Pre-transplant comorbidity index that sums weighted organ-system findings to stratify non-relapse mortality risk before allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation, with an optional age adjustment.

Corrected Count Increment (CCI) for Platelet Transfusion
Estimates how well a platelet transfusion raised the count, correcting for body size and dose given, where a persistently low value over repeated transfusions can point toward platelet refractoriness.

NCCN-IPI (Enhanced IPI for DLBCL)
Enhanced International Prognostic Index estimating overall-survival risk in adults with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma treated in the rituximab era, sorting patients into four risk groups to support prognostic discussion.

R2-ISS (Second Revision of the International Staging System for Multiple Myeloma)
Stratifies overall-survival risk in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma from ISS stage, LDH, and high-risk cytogenetics into four prognostic groups (R2-ISS I–IV), refining the original ISS and R-ISS.

CNS-IPI (CNS International Prognostic Index for DLBCL)
Estimates the risk of central nervous system relapse or progression in adults with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma on R-CHOP-like immunochemotherapy, stratifying patients to help identify candidates for CNS evaluation or prophylaxis.

Cairo-Bishop Tumor Lysis Syndrome (TLS) Criteria & Grade
Classifies and grades tumor lysis syndrome in patients on cytotoxic therapy from four metabolic abnormalities (uric acid, potassium, phosphorus, calcium) plus renal, cardiac, and neurologic criteria, using the original Cairo–Bishop 2004 definition rather than the stricter Howard modification.

CLL-IPI (International Prognostic Index for CLL)
Weighted prognostic index for chronic lymphocytic leukemia combining TP53 status, IGHV mutational status, beta-2 microglobulin, clinical stage, and age into four risk groups to stratify overall survival and time to first treatment, as relative risk only.

HEP Score (HIT Expert Probability)
Estimates the pre-test probability of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) from the platelet fall, thrombosis, and competing causes using the expert-consensus HEP model; it does not diagnose or exclude HIT — confirm with anti-PF4/heparin and functional assays.

SIC Score (Sepsis-Induced Coagulopathy)
Identifies sepsis-induced coagulopathy from PT-INR, platelet count, and a capped total-SOFA subscore using the ISTH-SSC SIC score, giving a dichotomous positive/negative read for screening and risk stratification in sepsis.

CML Prognostic Score (Sokal / Hasford / EUTOS / ELTS)
Computes a selected chronic myeloid leukaemia prognostic score at diagnosis — Sokal, Hasford/Euro, EUTOS, or ELTS — from age, spleen size, platelets, and blood differential, to stratify risk; ELTS is the score recommended for the tyrosine-kinase-inhibitor era.

CLL Staging (Rai / Binet)
Stages confirmed chronic lymphocytic leukemia by either the Rai (with modified Low/Intermediate/High grouping) or Binet system from blood counts and exam findings, for prognostic and anatomic stratification.

FLIPI / FLIPI-2 (Follicular Lymphoma Prognostic Index)
Stratifies prognosis in confirmed follicular lymphoma using either the original FLIPI or FLIPI-2, summing five adverse factors into low/intermediate/high risk groups, with each version using a different factor set and band cut points.

MIPI / MIPIb / Simplified MIPI (Mantle Cell Lymphoma Prognostic Index)
Stratifies prognosis in advanced-stage mantle cell lymphoma using a selected MIPI variant (Clinical, Biologic MIPIb with Ki-67, or Simplified point table) from age, ECOG, LDH/ULN, and WBC, into low/intermediate/high risk groups.

ISS / R-ISS (Multiple Myeloma Staging)
Stages newly diagnosed multiple myeloma by either the ISS (beta-2 microglobulin and albumin) or the Revised R-ISS (which refines the ISS stage with serum LDH and high-risk FISH cytogenetics), for prognostic stratification.

IPSS-R (Revised IPSS for MDS)
Stratifies prognosis in newly diagnosed, untreated primary adult myelodysplastic syndrome from cytogenetic risk group, marrow blasts, hemoglobin, platelets, and ANC, assigning a risk category with expected survival; the lab-classified cytogenetic group must be entered — it does not interpret a karyotype.

HLH-2004 Diagnostic Criteria (5 of 8)
Applies the HLH-2004 criteria for haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, counting how many of eight clinical/laboratory criteria are met to establish the diagnosis when ≥ 5 of 8 are satisfied; a molecular diagnosis consistent with HLH also establishes it.

HScore for Reactive Hemophagocytic Syndrome (HLH)
Estimates the probability of reactive haemophagocytic syndrome (HLH) in a patient with a suspicious clinical picture by summing nine weighted clinical and laboratory variables into the HScore, for diagnostic likelihood assessment.

Transferrin Saturation (TSAT)
Computes transferrin saturation (serum iron as a percentage of the total iron-binding capacity) to point toward iron deficiency when low or to screen for iron overload such as hereditary hemochromatosis when high.

CBC Differential Ratios (ALC / AEC / NLR / PLR)
Derives four routine differential quantities from a single complete blood count — the absolute lymphocyte count, absolute eosinophil count, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) — as non-specific markers of systemic inflammation and physiologic stress.

Metabolic Syndrome (Harmonized 2009)
Determines whether an adult meets the 2009 harmonized definition of the metabolic syndrome by counting how many of five cardiometabolic abnormalities (waist, triglycerides, HDL, blood pressure, fasting glucose) are present, flagging increased risk of type 2 diabetes and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.

Absolute Neutrophil Count (ANC) + CTCAE Grade
Computes the absolute neutrophil count from the WBC and differential and assigns a CTCAE v5.0 neutropenia grade, to gauge infection risk and the ANC component of febrile neutropenia.

International Prognostic Index (IPI / R-IPI)
Estimates prognosis in aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma / DLBCL from five adverse factors, producing both the classic IPI and the contemporary R-IPI risk groups; use only with confirmed aggressive NHL / DLBCL histology.

Corrected Reticulocyte Count + Reticulocyte Production Index (RPI)
Adjusts a measured reticulocyte percentage for the degree of anemia and reticulocyte maturation time (the Reticulocyte Production Index) to judge whether the bone marrow is mounting an adequate response in a patient with anemia.

Toxicology

Fomepizole Dosing (Toxic Alcohol, with Hemodialysis)
Computes weight-based fomepizole (4-methylpyrazole) dosing for ethylene glycol or methanol poisoning from the FDA Antizol label, including the interval and dose adjustments needed around hemodialysis.

Digoxin Immune Fab (DigiFab) Dosing
Estimates the starting number of digoxin immune Fab (DigiFab) vials for digoxin or digitoxin toxicity from the FDA prescribing-information formulas (known amount ingested, serum level with weight, or empiric), switching children under 20 kg to a milligram-based dose.

Naranjo ADR Probability Scale
Scores ten standardized yes/no/unknown questions on an observed adverse event to estimate the probability that a drug actually caused it, banding causality from doubtful to definite.

N-Acetylcysteine (NAC) Dosing for Acetaminophen Overdose
Works out the weight-based N-acetylcysteine (NAC) antidote regimen (IV 21-hour 3-bag or oral 72-hour) for acetaminophen poisoning once treatment has been decided; does the dosing arithmetic only, not whether NAC is indicated — use the Rumack-Matthew nomogram for that.

ISTH Overt DIC Score
Sums points for four routine coagulation labs — platelet count, fibrin-related marker, prothrombin-time prolongation, and fibrinogen — into the ISTH overt DIC score, used only in patients with an underlying disorder known to be associated with DIC.

PLASMIC Score (TTP / TMA)
Sums seven bedside components to estimate the pretest probability of severe ADAMTS13 deficiency (TTP) in adults with thrombotic microangiopathy, supporting the urgent decision to start plasma exchange before assay results return; a low or intermediate score does not exclude TTP.

Rumack-Matthew Nomogram (Acetaminophen)
Decides whether N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is indicated after a single acute, known-time, immediate-release acetaminophen ingestion by comparing a 4–24 h serum level against the 150 treatment line; not valid for chronic, staggered, extended-release, or unknown-time ingestions.

Rheumatology

SLICC 2012 SLE Classification Criteria
SLICC 2012 criteria classify systemic lupus erythematosus by counting fulfilled clinical and immunologic items. Classification criteria for study cohorts, not a diagnostic test.

Modified Rodnan Skin Score (mRSS)
Modified Rodnan Skin Score grades skin thickness across 17 body sites to quantify cutaneous involvement in systemic sclerosis. A severity index for monitoring, not a diagnostic or classification criterion (distinct from the 2013 ACR/EULAR SSc classification).

2016 ACR/EULAR Primary Sjogren Syndrome Classification Criteria
Applies the 2016 ACR/EULAR classification criteria for primary Sjogren syndrome — weighing biopsy, anti-SSA/Ro, and ocular/salivary findings after entry and exclusion gates — to classify patients for research/cohort enrollment, not to diagnose or measure disease activity.

2017 EULAR/ACR Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathy (IIM) Classification Criteria
Applies the 2017 EULAR/ACR criteria — weighting clinical features, autoantibody, enzymes, and optional muscle-biopsy findings into a probability — to classify suspected idiopathic inflammatory myopathy for research/cohort use, only after other causes are excluded; not a stand-alone diagnostic test.

Fibromyalgia 2016 ACR Diagnostic Criteria
Applies the 2016 ACR fibromyalgia criteria in adults, combining a 19-area Widespread Pain Index and a Symptom Severity Scale to report whether the criteria are met, a classification aid that does not exclude coexisting illness (fibromyalgia can accompany any other diagnosis).

2022 ACR/EULAR ANCA-Associated Vasculitis Classification Criteria (GPA / MPA / EGPA)
Computes the 2022 ACR/EULAR weighted classification scores for all three ANCA-associated vasculitides (GPA, MPA, EGPA) at once from clinical, ANCA, imaging, and biopsy findings, for research classification only once small/medium-vessel vasculitis is established and mimics excluded — not a diagnostic test.

2022 ACR/EULAR Giant Cell Arteritis Classification Criteria
Applies the 2022 ACR/EULAR weighted classification criteria for giant cell arteritis in patients aged 50 or older with already-diagnosed large-vessel vasculitis after mimics are excluded, scoring clinical, lab, imaging, and biopsy findings, for research classification, not a diagnostic test.

2013 ACR/EULAR Systemic Sclerosis Classification Criteria
Applies the 2013 ACR/EULAR weighted criteria across skin, vascular, lung, and autoantibody findings to classify systemic sclerosis, for research/cohort definition, not a diagnostic test, and not applicable when finger skin is spared or an SSc-like disorder better explains the findings.

ESSDAI (EULAR Sjögren's Syndrome Disease Activity Index)
Physician-scored index of systemic disease activity across twelve weighted organ-system domains in established primary Sjogren's syndrome, to gauge overall activity and track change over time, not a diagnostic or classification test.

2019 EULAR/ACR SLE Classification Criteria
Applies the 2019 EULAR/ACR ANA-entry-gated weighted criteria across ten organ and immunology domains to classify systemic lupus erythematosus, for research/cohort definition, not a diagnostic test.

ASDAS-CRP / ASDAS-ESR (Axial Spondyloarthritis Disease Activity Score)
Quantifies axial spondyloarthritis disease activity in adults from four patient-reported components plus an acute-phase reactant, mapping to an activity state to guide treat-to-target management; the CRP variant is ASAS-preferred and is not interchangeable with the ESR variant.

SLEDAI-2K (SLE Disease Activity Index 2000)
Quantifies systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity by summing 24 weighted clinical and laboratory descriptors into an activity band, to monitor flares and guide treat-to-target management, presupposing an established SLE diagnosis — not a diagnostic test.

2015 ACR/EULAR Gout Classification Criteria
Applies the 2015 ACR/EULAR criteria to classify gout in a patient with at least one peripheral joint or bursa episode (entry criterion), for research/standardization, not a substitute for clinical or crystal-proven diagnosis.

DAPSA (Disease Activity Index for Psoriatic Arthritis)
Sums 68/66-joint tender and swollen counts, patient pain and global VAS, and CRP to grade disease activity (remission to high) in adults with established psoriatic arthritis for treat-to-target management.

2010 ACR/EULAR Rheumatoid Arthritis Classification Criteria
Applies the 2010 ACR/EULAR classification criteria for definite rheumatoid arthritis — scoring joint involvement, serology, acute-phase reactants, and symptom duration after an entry gate of definite clinical synovitis — for research and cohort enrollment, not diagnosis.

CASPAR Criteria for Psoriatic Arthritis
Applies the CASPAR classification criteria for psoriatic arthritis — requiring established inflammatory articular disease as a mandatory entry gate, then weighing psoriasis, nail dystrophy, negative RF, dactylitis, and juxta-articular new bone — for studies and epidemiology, not stand-alone diagnosis.


Janssens Diagnostic Rule for Gout (Acute Gout Probability)
Estimates the probability of acute gout in a patient with monoarthritis from seven weighted clinical predictors to triage acute gout (low, intermediate, high) in primary care without joint-fluid crystal analysis; not a substitute for crystal-proven diagnosis.

DAS28-ESR (4-variable, RA Disease Activity)
Quantifies rheumatoid-arthritis disease activity in adults from 28-joint tender and swollen counts, ESR, and patient global health, reporting remission-to-high activity bands; the ESR 4-variable form, not interchangeable with DAS28-CRP for eligibility.

SDAI (Simplified Disease Activity Index, RA)
Grades rheumatoid-arthritis disease activity in adults with confirmed RA as an unweighted sum of 28-joint tender and swollen counts, patient and evaluator global assessments, and CRP, reporting remission-to-high bands; a monitoring index, not diagnostic.

DAS28-CRP (4-variable, RA Disease Activity)
Quantifies rheumatoid-arthritis disease activity in adults from 28-joint tender and swollen counts, patient global health, and CRP, reporting remission-to-high bands (CRP-specific cutoffs as primary); not interchangeable with DAS28-ESR for eligibility.

CDAI (Clinical Disease Activity Index, RA)
Grades rheumatoid-arthritis disease activity in adults with confirmed RA as an unweighted sum of 28-joint tender and swollen counts and patient and evaluator global assessments (no lab value), reporting remission-to-high bands; a monitoring index, not diagnostic.

Gastroenterology

Wexner Constipation Score (Cleveland Clinic / Agachan)
Wexner (Cleveland Clinic) Constipation Score grades chronic constipation symptom severity across 8 self-reported items to quantify burden and track response to treatment. This is the CONSTIPATION score (0-30); it is not the Cleveland Clinic / Jorge-Wexner fecal INCONTINENCE score (0-20).

ABC Score (GI Bleeding 30-day Mortality)
Estimates 30-day mortality risk in adults with acute upper or lower gastrointestinal bleeding from age, three blood tests, and four clinical findings, stratifying into low, medium, or high risk for early triage; the Laursen GI-bleeding ABC score, distinct from the ABC massive-transfusion score.

Simple Clinical Colitis Activity Index (SCCAI)
Tracks ulcerative colitis disease activity from clinical symptoms alone — without labs or endoscopy — to follow a patient’s course over time.

Pancreatitis Activity Scoring System (PASS)
Combines organ dysfunction, systemic inflammation, pain, opioid requirement, and feeding tolerance into a continuous activity score for acute pancreatitis, designed to be trended serially rather than read against a single fixed threshold.

Crohn's Disease Activity Index (CDAI)
Quantifies Crohn disease clinical-symptom activity over the prior week from stool count, pain, wellbeing, complications, and a hematocrit/weight adjustment; a symptom index, not a measure of mucosal inflammation, and not the sole basis for treatment escalation.

Travis / Oxford Day-3 Criteria for Acute Severe Ulcerative Colitis
Day-3 decision rule that predicts failure of intravenous corticosteroids in adults admitted for acute severe ulcerative colitis, flagging candidates for rescue therapy or colectomy; assess specifically on day 3 of IV steroids.

Mayo Score / Partial Mayo Score (Ulcerative Colitis Activity)
Grades ulcerative colitis disease activity by summing clinical and endoscopic subscores — the full Mayo Score needs endoscopy, while the endoscopy-free Partial Mayo is for non-invasive monitoring.

HAPS (Harmless Acute Pancreatitis Score)
Rapid bedside rule-OUT tool that flags a likely non-severe (“harmless”) course of acute pancreatitis at admission; one-directional — never predicts severe disease, use only to support ruling out a severe course.

Modified Marshall Score (Organ Failure)
Scores three organ systems (respiratory, renal, cardiovascular) by the modified Marshall method to define organ failure in acute pancreatitis under the Revised Atlanta classification.

Tokyo Guidelines 2018 (Acute Cholangitis / Cholecystitis)
Applies the Tokyo Guidelines 2018 (TG18/TG13) criteria to diagnose and grade severity of acute cholangitis and acute cholecystitis from clinician-applied Yes/No findings.

Forrest Classification (bleeding peptic ulcer)
Classifies the endoscopic appearance of a bleeding peptic ulcer into a single Forrest class that maps to a rebleeding-risk band and a management implication.

Harvey-Bradshaw Index (Crohn disease)
Quantifies clinical disease activity in established Crohn disease from five bedside symptom and exam components (wellbeing, abdominal pain, liquid-stool count, abdominal mass, and complications) as a simplified surrogate for the CDAI, banding remission through severe.

Truelove-Witts Severity Index (Ulcerative Colitis)
Classifies an acute ulcerative-colitis flare as mild, moderate, or severe from six bedside and lab parameters without endoscopy; the severe category is acute severe ulcerative colitis (ASUC) and triggers admission and IV corticosteroids.

Glasgow-Imrie Criteria (Modified Glasgow Score)
Predicts severity of acute pancreatitis in adults of any etiology by counting how many of 8 lab/clinical criteria (scored on the worst values within the first 48 h) are met, flagging predicted-severe attacks for higher-acuity monitoring.

Comorbidity / Prognosis

Vulnerable Elders Survey-13 (VES-13)
VES-13 function-based screen to identify community-dwelling older adults at increased 2-year risk of death or functional decline. Screening tool, not diagnostic; complements but does not replace comprehensive geriatric assessment.

PRISMA-7 Frailty Screening
PRISMA-7 is a 7-item self-report questionnaire to screen community-dwelling older adults for frailty and trigger comprehensive geriatric assessment. Screening tool only, not a diagnosis of frailty.

SARC-F (Sarcopenia Screening)
SARC-F is a 5-item self-report questionnaire to screen older adults for probable sarcopenia and identify those needing fuller assessment.

FRAIL Scale (Frailty Screen)
Quick five-item frailty screen in older adults (fatigue, resistance, ambulation, illness burden, and weight loss) that sorts people into robust, pre-frail, or frail to flag those at higher risk of disability and decline.

Serum-Ascites Albumin Gradient (SAAG)
Classifies ascites by mechanism from the serum-ascites albumin gradient to separate portal-hypertensive (high-gradient) causes from non-portal/peritoneal (low-gradient) causes during ascites workup.

Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI, Age-Adjusted)
Quantifies comorbid-disease burden and estimates 10-year survival in adults by summing weighted points for 19 chronic conditions plus an age adjustment, using the clinical (chart-review) definition that is not interchangeable with ICD-coded administrative variants.

Substance Use / Withdrawal

Full AUDIT (10-item Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test)
Full 10-item WHO Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test that screens for hazardous and harmful drinking and likely dependence; a positive screen indicates the need for brief intervention or referral, not a diagnosis of an alcohol use disorder.

COWS (Clinical Opiate Withdrawal Scale)
Clinician-administered scale that rates opioid (opiate) withdrawal severity at a point in time by summing 11 observed signs and symptoms, scoring only findings attributable to withdrawal and repeating over time to track the trajectory.

AUDIT-C (Alcohol Use Screen)
Three-item brief screen (the consumption questions of the WHO AUDIT) for hazardous drinking and active alcohol use disorders using a sex-specific positive cutoff; a positive screen warrants the full 10-item AUDIT or clinical assessment, not a diagnosis.

Anesthesia & Pain

Surgical Apgar Score
Surgical Apgar Score grades intraoperative blood loss, lowest mean arterial pressure, and lowest heart rate to stratify 30-day risk of major postoperative complication or death after general or vascular surgery; scored from intraoperative data only, not a preoperative risk estimate.

Modified PADSS (Post-Anaesthetic Discharge Scoring System)
Modified PADSS scores home-readiness after ambulatory surgery to support same-day discharge decisions. Adjunct to clinical judgment, not a substitute; a total ≥9 does not authorize discharge unless vital signs score 2 and no single criterion scores 0.

SORT (Surgical Outcome Risk Tool) 30-Day Mortality
Estimates 30-day mortality after inpatient non-cardiac, non-neurosurgical surgery in adults from preoperative physical status, urgency, severity, specialty, malignancy, and age band, to support perioperative shared decision-making.

ARISCAT Score (postoperative pulmonary complications)
Stratifies a surgical patient's risk of postoperative pulmonary complications from the seven Canet (ARISCAT) predictors into low-, intermediate-, and high-risk bands to guide perioperative respiratory care.

Local Anesthetic Maximum Dose
Estimates the maximum single dose of a local anesthetic from body weight and agent and converts the solution concentration to a maximum injectable volume; the calculated maximum is guidance, not a guaranteed-safe ceiling — systemic toxicity (LAST) can occur within or above it.

Aldrete / Modified Aldrete Score (PACU Discharge)
Scores recovery from anesthesia across five clinical domains to judge readiness for discharge from the post-anesthesia care unit (phase-I PACU).

Apfel Simplified PONV Score
Estimates the risk of postoperative nausea and vomiting in adults from four bedside predictors to help tailor antiemetic prophylaxis.

Dermatology

EASI (Eczema Area and Severity Index)
EASI grades atopic dermatitis extent and severity across four body regions to quantify disease and track treatment response. Age affects region weighting: select the under-8 option for young children, since head/neck and lower-limb multipliers differ.

PASI (Psoriasis Area and Severity Index)
Grades overall plaque-psoriasis severity by combining lesion appearance (redness, thickness, scaling) with affected body-surface area across four regions, giving a composite score and band to track response to treatment over time.

SCORAD (SCORing Atopic Dermatitis)
Grades atopic dermatitis (eczema) severity by combining affected body-surface extent, intensity of representative lesions, and patient-reported itch and sleep loss — with full and objective (oSCORAD) modes — to support consistent assessment and follow-up.

Statistics

Fagan Nomogram (Post-Test Probability)
Applies Bayes' theorem in odds form to convert a pre-test probability into a post-test probability for a diagnostic test result, given a likelihood ratio (or a sensitivity and specificity with the result).

Sensitivity and Specificity
Computes sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, likelihood ratios, and related diagnostic statistics from a 2×2 confusion matrix to evaluate diagnostic tests, screening tools, and clinical decision rules — interpret predictive values against disease prevalence.

NNT / NNH Calculator
Derives absolute and relative risk reduction with Number Needed to Treat (NNT) and Number Needed to Harm (NNH) from control and experimental event rates, to quantify the clinical benefit or harm of an intervention.

Odds Ratio / Risk Ratio
Computes the odds ratio (OR) and risk ratio (RR) with 95% confidence intervals from a 2×2 contingency table, to quantify exposure–outcome association in case-control, cohort, and trial data.

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